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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 22
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New Cartridge
The British introduced a rifle with grease-covered cartridges that soldiers had to bite
open. Rumours said the grease was made from cow and pig fat, offending both
Hindus and Muslims. Sepoys refused to use them.
Mangal Panday
Sepoy Mangal Pandey rebelled and was executed. Two months later, sepoys in
Meerut also refused the cartridges, were imprisoned, then freed by their comrades
who attacked the city and killed British officers. They captured Delhi, making Bahadur
Shah II the symbolic leader.
Spread of Rebellion
The revolt spread rapidly;British control was lost in Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi,
Allahabad, Delhi, and Lucknow—wiping out British authority across much of northern
India.
Kanpur (Cawnpore)
Nana Sahib’s forces besieged the British for three weeks. After a false promise of
safe passage, hundreds of British soldiers, women, and children were massacred.
When the British retook the city, they took brutal revenge.
Recovery by British
The rebellion was disorganized, and the British slowly regained power. Delhi was
recaptured in September 1857; Bahadur Shah II surrendered, and his sons were
murdered. Lucknow also fell to the British soon after.
Final Resistance at Jhansi
The last major resistance was in Jhansi, led by Rani Lakshmibai and Tatya Topee.
Lakshmibai was killed in June 1858, and Topee was later executed. The revolt ended
officially in August 1858 after all opposition was crushed.
(iii) Causes of Failure
Lack of Unity
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