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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 53
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Lord Minto
Lord John Morely
Helped restore calm and reduce political agitation temporarily.
Lord Minto (1845–1914) was the Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910. A British
statesman and soldier, he had earlier served as Governor-General of Canada (1898–
1904). As Viceroy, he worked to strengthen British control while addressing rising
Indian political demands. He introduced the Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian
Councils Act of 1909), which expanded legislative councils and granted Muslims
separate electorates, giving them political recognition. His period saw growing
political awareness and the formation of the All India Muslim League (1906). Lord
Minto’s policies aimed to balance reform with maintaining British authority in India.
Lord John Morley (1838–1923), was the Secretary of State for India from 1905 to
1910. A British Liberal politician and writer, he worked with Viceroy Lord Minto to
introduce constitutional reforms in response to growing Indian political demands.
Together, they passed the Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms),
which expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for
Muslims, marking a major step in Indian political representation. Morley supported
gradual self-government but opposed full independence, believing British rule was
still essential. His policies sought to combine liberal reform with imperial control.
India sent 1.3 million soldiers and large amounts of money, food, and
materials to support Britain.
The war caused heavy taxation, price rises, and economic hardship
for ordinary Indians.
Indian industries expanded due to reduced imports from Britain.
Britain promised self-government (Montagu Declaration, 1917), raising
political expectations.
Nationalist feelings grew as Indians felt betrayed after the war.
The Indian National Congress and Muslim League became more active.
Returning soldiers spread anti-British sentiment.
The war set the stage for mass movements and the demand for
independence.
➔ Impacts of World War I
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