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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 132
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Anti-Ahmadiyya Riots (1953)
The Anti-Ahmadiyya Riots of 1953 were a major outbreak of religious
violence in Punjab, primarily in Lahore, against the Ahmadiyya Muslim
community. Religious groups such as the Majlis-e-Ahrar and ulama
demanded that Ahmadis be officially declared non-Muslims and that Foreign
Minister Chaudhry Zafarullah Khan, an Ahmadi, be removed from office.
The government of Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin refused to comply,
stressing equality and constitutional order. This led to widespread riots, looting,
and killings, paralyzing Lahore and nearby areas. The situation worsened until the
army was called in, and martial law was imposed for the first time in
Pakistan’s history. Hundreds were killed and thousands injured. The Munir
Inquiry Commission later investigated the riots, concluding that religious
intolerance and lack of political unity were the main causes. The incident
severely weakened Nazimuddin’s government and exposed deep divisions in
Pakistani society.
Born on 19 October 1909 in Bogra, Bengal.
Educated at Calcutta University; joined the Indian Civil Service before
entering politics.
Member of the Muslim League and supporter of the Pakistan Movement.
Served as Pakistan’s ambassador to the United States (1950–1952).
Appointed Prime Minister of Pakistan on 17 April 1953 after the
dismissal of Khawaja Nazimuddin by Governor-General Ghulam
Muhammad.
Introduced the Bogra Formula (1953) to resolve the representation
issue between East and West Pakistan:
○ Proposed a bicameral legislature with equal representation for
both wings.
Sought to create political balance and national unity.
○
Strengthened foreign relations, especially with the United States, signing
several defense and aid agreements.
Faced growing political instability and was dismissed in 1955 when the
One Unit Scheme was introduced.
Later served as Pakistan’s Foreign Minister (1955–1957).
Died on 23 January 1963 in Dhaka.
iii) Muhammad Ali Bogra
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