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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 143

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Q: What were the Basic Democracies? [4] • On the first anniversary of his government on 26th Oct 1959, General Ayūb Khān addressedthenationandintroducedBasicDemocraciesOrderunderapresidentialorder. •Thiswasinitiallyafive-tiersystemlaterProvincialDevelopmentAdvisoryCouncil,thelast tier of the system was abolished, and it became a four-tier system. •UnionorTowncouncilwasthelowesttierandDivisionalcouncilwasthehighesttierofthe system. • People elected the basic democrats in 1959-60 elections on the non-party basis. • These basic democrats formed the electoral college for the elections of President. •Theno.ofbasicdemocratswas80,000atstartwhichlaterraisedto120,000.95%ofthese elected Ayūb Khān as president in a referendum. • The system of basic democracies was abolished in 1969 by General Yahyā Khān. Q: Describe the constitution of 1962? [4] • Ayūb Khān appointed a constituent commission to setup a new constitution which implemented the constitution on 1st March 1962. • It was a federal constitution. • It was a presidential system- most of powers vested into President. • President has to be Muslim not less than 35 years of age. • The term of president was to be 5 years. • He was the executive head of the state who would be elected indirectly by the basic democrats. • It was a unicameral legislature i.e., having only one house-National Assembly. •Therewere156members(later218,andthen313)ofNationalAssemblywhowereelected indirectly by electoral college of basic democrats. • President nominates the members from within the National Assembly. • National Assembly has equal no. of seats for both East and West Pakistan. • No law can be passed without the approval of President. • Urdu and Bengali were declared as the national languages of Pakistan. • This constitution was abrogated by General Yahyā Khān in 1969. Q: What is EBDO? [4] • Ayūb Khān promulgated two ordinances. •ThefirstonewasPODO(PublicofficedisqualificationOrder/Act)andtheotherwasEBDO (Elective Bodies Disqualification Order/Act). •AccordingtoEBDO,politiciansweregivenachoicetoeitherfacethetrialformisdeedsor voluntarily abdicate from all political activities for next six years. •ManypoliticianslikeSuharwardī,MakhdūmzādahḤassanMaḥmūdandC.E.Gibbonchose to step down instead of facing the trials. • Similarly corrupt bureaucrats and police officers were dismissed from the service. 1- Hired economic advisors from Harvard university. •HeintroducedMuslimFamilyLawBillwhichabolishedpolygamy(practiceofhavingmore than one marriage). • The Arbitration councils were set up in rural and urban areas to deal with the issues regarding marriages. Q:Whydowecalltheyears1958to1969,a“Decadeofdevelopment/progress”?[7]