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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 36
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• To counter the Maratha power Shāh Walīullāh called upon Aḥmad Shāh Abdālī
from Afghanistan, who defeated Marathas in the third battle of Pānīpat (1761).
Q: Describe what happened at the battle of Balakot. [4]
• It took place in May, 1831.
• Syed Ahmad had hoped to liberate Kashmir and Hazara.
• Balakot was thought to be safe as it was protected on three sides by mountains.
• Syed Ahmad was betrayed by local leaders (mainly Yar Muhammad Khan and
Sultan Muhammad Khan) who told the Sikhs a way through the mountains to
Balakot.
• Sikhs led by Ranjit Singh launched a surprise attack who outnumbered Syed
Ahmad’s forces.
•Syed Ahmad Barelvi was killed along with Shah Ismail, his commander.
•600 of Syed Ahmad’s forces were killed.
Q: Describe Jihād Movement? [4]
• It was founded by Sayyid Aḥmad Shahīd Barelvī to free Muslims of Punjab from
oppressive Sikh rule of Rājah Ranjīt Singh.
o Ranjīt Singh’s rule denied any kind of religious liberty.
o Āzān and prayers were banned for Muslims.
o Mosques were turned into stables.
• He raised an army of volunteers Mujāhidīn and defeated Sikhs in number of battles
from 1826 to 1830.
• Jihad was mainly dependent upon local Pashtuns where Barelvī wanted them to
renounce their customs and accept the Sharia.
• The traditional Khans were replaced by Wahabi-style reformist ulama (Islamic
scholars) and a system of Islamic taxes was established to finance the Jihād.
• He was killed in battle of Bālākot by the betrayal of his fellow man Yār Muḥammad
Khān.
Sayyid Aḥmad Shahīd Barelvī (1786-1831 A.D.)
Q: Who was Sayyid Aḥmad Barelvī? [4]
• A Muslim reformer, born in 1786 in Rai Barailī near Lucknow.
• He studied in Madrassa Rahīmiyyah and was influenced by the teachings of Shāh
Walī Ullāh.
• His father died when he was quite young so he had to get into practical life and thus
joined the army of Āmir khān.
• He went to Saudi Arabia in 1821 and was greatly influenced by the teachings of
Sheikh ‘Abd al-Wahāb.
• He founded the Jihād Movement on his return in Punjab because it was under
oppressive Sikh rule.
•He fought with the army of Ranjīt Singh from 1826 to 1830.
•He was finally betrayed and killed in the battle of Bālākot in 1831.