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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 145
181 pagesrevision 46928
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Q: How did Ayūb Khān try to modernize Islam in his era? OR [7]
Q: Why did Ulema oppose the government of Ayūb Khān? [7]
1- Name of ‘Islamic Republic of Pakistan’ was changed to ‘Republic of Pakistan’.
2- Ulema criticized Family Planning.
3- Muslim Family Law Bill which prohibited polygamy, strictly devised the pattern of divorce,
re-marriage was made difficult, etc.
4- Grandchild could not inherit the property of his grandfather if his father died.
Q: What was the cause of Ayūb Khān’s fall from the government? [7]
Answer: The constitution of Pakistan in 1962 altered the name of Pakistan from ‘Islamic
Republic of Pakistan’ to ‘Republic of Pakistan’. This was opposed by and large by everyone
especially religious parties and Jamā‘t-i-Islāmī in particular. Maulānā Maudūdī- leader of JI
opposed many of Ayūb’s social reforms and called them non-Islamic. Family planning was
criticized by the Islamic parties such as JI because according to Ulema, ‘God is Rāziq’ and
none has the right to prevent children from being born.
Maudūdī criticized Muslim Family Law Bill which was promulgated in 1961. It
prohibited polygamy and devised the pattern of divorce. A man wishing to divorce his wife
must go through union council in which the marriage was registered. For remarriage a
written permission by first wife is needed. It also prescribed minimum marriageable age limit
for male and females.
The family laws also changed the law of inheritance. According to this law, a
grandchild cannot inherit the property of his grandfather if his father died in the lifetime of his
grandfather. Also, speaker of National Assembly could be a non-Muslim.
1- Disparityb/w rich andpoor
2- Concentration of wealth by 22 families
3- The beneficiary of reforms was mostly West Pakistan
4- Alleged rigging in Presidential elections
5- Humiliating cease fire of 1965
6- Mobilization of masses by ZAB
Answer: Agricultural reforms created disparity between rich and poor farmers. Only 22
families had controlled 66% of the Pakistan industries through his industrial reforms. People
were angry by his celebration of “decade of development”. East Pakistan was also frustrated
because most of the beneficiaries of his reforms was West Pakistan.
Criticism on the rigging of 1st presidential elections of 1965. Concentration of powers with
the President was considered undemocratic. Most of the Basic Democrats had resigned by
1969. He became unpopular because of the humiliating cease fire of 1965. The cease fire of
Ayūb Khān was against the advice of foreign minister of Ẓulfiqār ‘Alī
Bhutto, who in returned resigned as a protest and formed his own political party named as
Pakistan People’s Party in 1967.
Ẓulfiqār ‘Alī Bhutto mobilized masses and launched an anti-Ayūb campaign. Thus, in 1969,
eight political parties formed Democratic Action Committee and demanded general elections
and Ayūb Khān failed to negotiate with them and as a result he resigned in March, 1969.