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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 13
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No succession law; internal wars.
Moazzam (Bahadur Shah I) killed brothers to take throne.
Moral decay: rulers indulged in luxury rather than administration.
Abolished by Akbar earlier; re-imposed by Aurangzeb in 1679.
Hindus resisted extra financial burden.
Perceived as religious/political tactic to force conversion or control.
Caused discontent and risk of rebellion.
Intolerance toward non-Muslims; imposed Jizya.
Destroyed Hindu temples; banned Satti and certain cultural practices.
High taxation to maintain large army.
Wars with Rajputs ended alliances established by Akbar.
Vast empire became hard to control.
Vast territories were difficult to control; local leaders gained autonomy.
Shah Wali Ullah united Muslims to oppose Marathas.
Ahmad Shah Abdali’s military expertise led to decisive victory in 1761.
Heavy casualties for Marathas, including Peshwa’s heir, ended their ambitions.
Weak, luxury-oriented, and corrupt successors.
No clear law of succession; internal wars between princes.
Administration neglected; treasury depleted by expensive wars.
Military loyalty shifted to Mansabdars, not emperor.
Provinces like Oudh, Bihar, Orissa, Deccan declared independence.
Foreign invasions (Nadir Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali) further weakened the empire.
Inefficient soldiers due to lack of training and irregular pay.
Religious Policies: Favored Islam; alienated non-Muslims; widespread unrest.
Deccan Campaigns: Drained treasury; diverted attention from other problems.
Financial Mismanagement: Military spending + poor revenue collection → fiscal crisis.
Rebellion and Regional Fragmentation: Jats, Sikhs, Rajputs, Marathas challenged Mughal
authority.
Administrative Centralization: Autocratic rule caused inefficiencies in responding to local
issues.
Succession Crisis: Weak and inexperienced rulers after Aurangzeb; led to further instability.
9-Opposition to Jizya Tax
11-Reasons for Mughal Decline
1. Aurangzeb’s Policies
8-Decline of Mughal Empire After Aurangzeb
2. Infighting Among Aurangzeb’s Successors
10-Impact of Aurangzeb’s Policies on Mughal Rule