Document page

Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 67

SourcePortal capture, 9 Oct 2026

PDF 67

Page image rendered from the stored file at 110 dpi; it sharpens as you zoom. Outlines are placed from each region’s stored position on the page (596 × 842 pt).

readable

Source of this text: embedded text layer. The better of the embedded text and OCR is kept.

-> Gulf between Hindus and Muslims widened. -> Clause of Simon Commission. -> Labor party was in favor of Indian Nationalism. Answer: After the disagreement on Simon Commission, Lord Birkenhead invited Indians to reform the constitutional problems by themselves. Both the communities tried to reform through Nehru Report and Jinnah’s 14 points but could not be agreed upon. The gulf between Muslim League and Congress widened and Jinnah decided to keep it that way because Hindus’ biased mentality towards Muslims was evident after Nehru Report. This lack of unity between two communities made it worse for the British to move forward and that’s why there was a threat of widespread violence. Secondly, it was a clause of Simon report that if a consensus between two major communities of India i.e., Muslims and Hindus cannot be made then we should let all the communities sit together in Round Table Conference to reform constitutional communal issues of India. New labor govt. (Led by Ramsay McDonald) installed in 1929 gave a new hope to Indians because they were in a favor of Indian nationalism. Indians wanted full independence but British wanted to have a hold on India. ->INC didn’t attend 1st RTC. -> Gandhi was imprisoned. -> Gandhi and INC claimed to speak for whole India in 2nd RTC, never accepted by Jinnah and AIML. -> 3rd RTC was neither attended by INC nor by AIML. -> 3rd RTC was attended by only 46 delegates. Answer: Indian National Congress did not attend the 1st Round Table Conference because British were still not interested in promising the immediate dominion status to India. Gandhi continued its civil disobedience movement and ended up in prison. So First Round Table Conference was inconclusive because majority party was not present. Viceroy Lord Irwin met Gandhi and motivated him to go for another Round Table conference. Gandhi took a strong stance which was based on the Nehru report; he claimed INC to speak for the whole India and refused to recognize the problems of minorities. Muslims representatives led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal were infuriated by Gandhi’s stance. Thus, this conference i.e., 2nd Round Table Conference was also a failure. Third Round Table Conference was again called upon in December 1932 which was neither attended by Congress nor by Jinnah. Only 46 delegated attended the conference. The only importance of this conference was that a white paper was submitted to the British govt. which carried recommendations from all three conferences. Govt. of India Act 1935 was Q: Why were Round Table Conferences unsuccessful? [7]