Document page
Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 160
181 pagesrevision 46928
PDF 160
Page image rendered from the stored file at 110 dpi; it sharpens as you zoom. Outlines are placed from each region’s stored position on the page (596 × 842 pt).
readable
Source of this text: embedded text layer. The better of the embedded text and OCR is kept.
Q: “Industrial reforms were the most important of Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto’s domestic
policies between 1971 and 1977”. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer? OR
[14]
Q: In which of the following Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto have most success?
i- Reform and control of the armed forces
ii- Constitutional Reforms
iii- Education and Health Reforms
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14]
Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto’s reforms had its impact in the country.
The 1973 constitution was drafted in the era of Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto, and it became a reason
for his popularity. It provided for Parliamentary form of the Government in which the powers
would be vested in Prime Minister. P.M would be an executive head and President would be
figure head, both to be elected for 5 years. It would be a bicameral
legislature, Upper House i.e. (Senate) and Lower House (National Assembly). Upper House
(senate) elections after every 3 years, elected by 4 provincial assemblies. Lower House
(National Assembly) for 5 years, elected by adult franchise. Four provincial assemblies will
be elected for 5 years and would be elected by adult franchise. Islamic
committee was setup to address on Islamic issues and to advise govt. on Islamic
laws.President and Prime Minister will be Muslims.
Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto established Rural Health Centers (RHC) to provide health facilities to the
rural and far-flung areas of Pakistan and Basic Health Units (BHU) in Urban areas. One
RHC was to setup for 60, 000 people in rural areas and one BHU for every 20,000 people in
urban areas. Fresh doctors are then to give compulsory service in rural areas. In his regime
new Hospitals and medical colleges were established to provide widespread health care.
Branding in medicines was discouraged to reduce the cost of medicines through drug act,
1972. He started family planning programs to control growing population of Pakistan and
vaccination programs to control growing infant mortality rate.
These reforms resulted in improved medical care of Pakistani people which increased PPP
popularity, but shortage of fresh doctors and nurses caused a concern. Many multinational
pharmaceuticals closed the business because of discouragement in branding
of medicines. Distant hospitals and lack of ambulances were one of the main reasons of the
failure.
Agricultural Reforms were introduced to modernize the agriculture by introducing fertilizers,
insecticides, and pesticides and to increase the productivity of the largest economic sector of
Pakistan. The land ownership was decreased to 150 acres of irrigated land and 300
acres of un-irrigated land in 1974. It was further lowered down to irrigated 100 acres and
un-irrigated 200 acres. It was a failure because MNAs divided their lands among their
relatives and trustworthy workers working in their homes and fields. Illegal and inappropriate
transfer of lands to the relatives and trusted tenants. It resulted in large scale eviction of the
tenants which ultimately lowered the crop growth.
Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto nationalized major SOEs (State Owned Enterprises) i.e., Sugar, Oil,
Fertilizers, etc. under NERO (Nationalization and Economic Reform Order (1972)).
Objectives of nationalization include generation of funds for development, betterment of