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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 18

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PDF 18

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• They were ambitious to take the control of whole India which pushed the Mughals into a final decline. • British extended their territories through superior administration and better organization. • British had superior weapons with trained and disciplined army. • British were clearly superior in weaponry because of the industrialization. • British army had better techniques of fighting. • They also possessed a strong naval force for which they could control the three coastal presidencies of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. • In 1803, British took over Delhi and placed Shah Alam-II under their protection. • The decline of Mughal Empire attracted the foreign powers to attack India for plundering. • Being a staunch Sunni, he banned many cultural practices, i.e., painters, musicians, and dancers who had become the part of Muslim culture as well. • High taxation was imposed because he had to bear the expense of large army. • He had to fight with Rajputs which ended the Mughal friendship with them created by Akbar. • Vastness of Empire became one of an issue which could not be controlled by his descendants. • It was one of the most important causes of decline of the Mughal Empire. • There was no law of succession for which the ancestors of Aurangzeb fought with each other. • Aurangzeb himself became emperor by defeating his rivals in the battle. • In pursuance of not to repeat the same he divided the empire to his three sons but he could not succeed. • Aurangzeb’s son Moazzam (Bahadar Shah I) defeated and killed his brothers Azam and Kam Baksh to take control of the throne. He lived for 5 years and died in 1712. His four sons also fought with each other for the throne but Jahandar killed his brothers, though he was also killed a year later. • Moral degeneration had set in and rulers, nobles, and officers were used to drinking, dancing, music, and poetry rather than administration and statesmanship. • Aurangzeb had fought for 25 years in Deccan with Marathas but culd not defeat them till his death. • They were known for their guerrilla fighting skills and their devotion to Hinduism. • Their influence spread under the brave leadership of Sivaji. • In the 18th century they organized themselves in central India and in 1737 Bajirao (Maratha general) defeated Mughals outside Delhi in 1st battle of Delhi and captured the strategic town of Malwa in 1738. • They captured the Red fort in Delhi in 1757 at the 2nd battle of Delhi and placed a puppet Mughal ruler there. • In 1761, on the request of Shah Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Shah Abdali came and defeated Marathas through his military genius in 3rd battle of Panipat. 3. Arrival of the British 4. Spread of Marathan Power 5. Invasion by Persians and Afghans 2. Infighting between Aurangzeb’s greedy successors.