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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 156
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•It was signed between Pakistan President Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister
Indirā Gāndhī in 1972.
•Differences between the countries will be dealt peacefully through negotiations.
•93,000 prisoners of war were released through this agreement.
•Kashmir would be a bilateral issue and third-party intervention would not be welcomed.
•Both countries will respect each other’s national unity and integrity.
•Both countries will prevent hostile propaganda against each other.
•Pakistan’s literacy rate at that time was just 25%.
•Article 37 of the constitution of 1973 stated that it was a duty of the govt. to provide free
and compulsory education.
•Bhutto introduced these reforms for which he outlined eight goals to improve literacy in
Pakistan.
•13% of the govt. educational budget was allocated to improve literacy rate in Pakistan.
•Standard of education dropped because of many factors but one important factor was
nationalization of schools.
•These reforms were opposed by the rural population as most of their earnings were
through child labour.
•Literacy rate went up to 1% only.
• He also wanted to have presidential system and interim constitution of 1972 was also
presidential, but it also remained a dream for him because his party protested this. In 1975,
extended powers were given to the FSF to pressurize opposition.
•Anagreement took place between PPP, JUI, and NAP for smooth functioning of the govt. in
center and provinces.
•National Assembly cannot appoint provincial governors without agreement of provincial
assembly.
•Inreturn to support in center, JUI-NAP will have a free hand in provinces of NWFP and
Baluchistan.
•However, this agreement collapsed after a year and provincial governors were dismissed
bythe center.
•Baluch insurgency was dealt by iron hand, military operation started, Iran helped out govt.
ofPakistan by providing military supplies i.e., Cobra helicopters to deal with insurgents.
•Military operation again brought army in politics.
•ZAB wanted tenant farmers to have security of tenure.
•He gave tenant farmers the first right of purchase of the land they worked.
•Landowners could not sell the land to a third party who might then evict the tenant farmers.
•Tenants were encouraged to make improvements on their land as they knew they would
not be evicted.
•Many landowners circumvented the scheme to evict their tenant farmers.
•Landowners had too much power and influence to make the scheme work.
Q: Describe the security of tenure scheme? [4]
Q: Describe JUI-NAP coalition with PPP in 1972? [4]
Q: Describe Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto’s educational reforms? [4]
Q: Describe Shimla Agreement between Pakistan and India? [4]