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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 146
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Long Questions
Q: ‘Agricultural reforms were the most important of Ayūb Khān’s domestic policies
during the decade of development.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons. [14]
Q: Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayūb Khān’s domestic policies.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons. [14]
Q: Social reforms were the most important of Ayūb Khān’s domestic policies. Do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons. [14]
Q: ‘The Economic reforms the most important of Ayūb Khān’s domestic policies
during the decade of progress.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons. [14]
Ayūb Khān came to power after Martial Law was declared in October 1958. He
announced himself as the president of the country and introduced many reforms.
Agricultural reforms were called as “Green Revolution”. Modernized agriculture by
introduction of tractors, High yield variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides. Under the Indus water treaty, 3 dams were built i.e. Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela.
Several perennial canals were built to irrigate the lands. Agriculture development bank was
setup to facilitate farmers. Easy loans were provided to the farmers. Fair distribution of land
holdings i.e. no land owner can hold more than 1000 acres of un-irrigated or 500 acres of
irrigated land. The excess land was given to the poor farmers by the Govt. The success rate
of the land reforms was poor because of the strong social position of landed aristocrats.
The huge amount of aid was used for industrial development. Oil refinery was setup at
Karachi to reduce the import cost of oil. Mineral Development Corporation was setup to
extract minerals. Several incentives like leverage in taxes and exports were given to private
sector which was an attraction to manufacturing industry. The major development in
industries and the beneficiary of these reforms was West Pakistan, so the disparity between
East and West Pakistan grew. Only 22 families had controlled 66% of the Pakistan industries
through his industrial reforms.
Ayūb Khān tried to raise the literacy rate by encouraging primary education. New
curriculum was introduced in schools. The government built new schools and colleges.
Technical education was given to raise the skill base workers. University Degree courses
were launched. Scientific Education was improved. Civil defence training was
enhanced. He appointed General Āzam Khān- the rehabilitation minister to settle 75,000
refugees in newly built dwellings of Karachi. Scheme for satellite township were launched in
all big cities. He made Islamabad a planned city. He implemented Family Law Ordinance to
control polygamy and rapid population increase. Family planning clinics were opened. He
acted for the prevention of hoarding by arresting and fining the
profiteers. He also fixed the price of milk and other goods to stop profiteering. Women got
benefitted by the reforms affecting marriage and divorce. Mechanism of registration of
marriages and divorces was implemented and if someone wants to be remarried, he/she
must take approval from the court.
Constitutional committee was setup in 1961 by Supreme Court. The new constitution
respected Islam but did not declare Islam as a state religion. The Electoral College was very
limited i.e. 80,000 initially and later on 120,000 to elect a president. He introduced Muslim
Family Law Bill which abolished polygamy (practice of having more than one marriage). The