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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 102
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1.
3. The Kashmir Issue
Disputed States
Hyderabad
Largest princely state
The State of Jammu and Kashmir was the most serious and
long-lasting dispute between India and Pakistan.
It was strategically important, sharing borders with China, Afghanistan,
and the USSR.
The majority of its 4 million inhabitants were Muslims, but it was ruled
by a Hindu Maharaja, Hari Singh.
In September 1947, communal tensions escalated as the Maharaja tried to
suppress Muslim uprisings; around 200,000 Muslims fled to Pakistan.
When a rebellion broke out in Kashmir, the Maharaja sought military help
from India.
India agreed only if Kashmir acceded to India, and the Maharaja signed
the Instrument of Accession in October 1947.
Pakistan sent troops to support Kashmiri Muslims, leading to the First
Indo-Pak War (1947–48).
The conflict was referred to the United Nations in January 1948.
A ceasefire was declared on 1 January 1949, dividing Kashmir into:
in India with a population of 16 million (not
160 million) and a revenue of 160 million rupees. The ruler, Nizam
Osman Ali, was Muslim, but the majority of the population was
Hindu. The Nizam initially wanted independence or accession to
Pakistan, but India pressured him to join the Indian Union. In August
1947, he appealed to the United Nations, but before any
decision was made, India invaded Hyderabad (Operation Polo)
in September 1948 and annexed it.
2. Junagarh
○ A small coastal state, around 300 miles south of Karachi, ruled by
a Muslim Nawab, though most of its population was Hindu.
○ The Nawab announced accession to Pakistan in September 1947,
and Pakistan accepted it.
○ India objected, calling it an encroachment on Indian territory,
and sent troops to occupy Junagarh.
○ A referendum was held under Indian supervision, showing a vote for
India.
○ Pakistan protested to the UN, but the issue remains unresolved to
this day.
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