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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 12
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3-Jizya Tax
4-Role of Marathas
1-Overview of Mughal Rule
2-Aurangzeb’s Religious Policies
6-Aurangzeb’s Rise to Power (1658 A.D.)
5-Ahmad Shah Durrani (Ahmad Shah Abdali)
7-Reasons for Maratha Defeat After Mughal Decline
Afghan military leader; became king after Nadir Shah Afshar’s death (1747).
Invited to India by Shah Wali Ullah to fight Marathas.
Victory brought Punjab, Kashmir, and Multan under Afghan control.
Could not consolidate rule in India; returned to Kabul.
Staunch Sunni and orthodox Muslim; faced resistance internally and externally.
Re-imposed Jizya tax on non-Muslims.
Banned Satti and tried to regulate Muslim beard length.
Destroyed Hindu temples and converted Sikh Gurdwaras into stables.
Historians note he lacked religious tolerance.
Introduced in 1679 by Aurangzeb; previously abolished by Akbar.
Tax on non-Muslims in lieu of joining Muslim army; meant for protection and security.
Hindus protested; Aurangzeb ignored objections.
Father Shah Jahan fell ill; Aurangzeb imprisoned him at Agra Fort until death (1666).
Defeated elder brother Dara Shikoh, who fled and was later captured and executed.
Aurangzeb defeated and killed his other brothers; became emperor through military skill.
Founded by Babur in 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat; Babur reigned for 4 years and died
in 1530.
Known for achievements in literature (Tuzuk-e-Babari), architecture (Taj Mahal), and music
(Tansen).
After Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, weak and corrupt rulers took over.
Decline accelerated after Marathas captured Delhi in 1757; final blow came during 1857
rebellion when Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon.
Lived in southern Deccan; devoted Hindus known for guerrilla warfare.
Under Shivaji, expanded influence in central India.
Aurangzeb spent 25 years fighting them in Deccan, leading to Mughal bankruptcy.
Bajirao captured Delhi in 1737 (1st Battle) and 1757 (2nd Battle).
Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Marathas in Third Battle of Panipat (1761) at Shah Wali Ullah’s
request.