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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 105
181 pagesrevision 46928
PDF 105
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India inherited the established British administrative system,
government buildings, records, and trained officials.
Pakistan started from scratch — it had no proper capital, no
government offices, no civil service structure, and very few
experienced politicians.
Most members of Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly were wealthy
landlords with little administrative or political experience.
There was a shortage of trained officers, as most senior bureaucrats and
Hindus had opted for India.
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah had to personally oversee almost
every aspect of governance — from setting up ministries to appointing
officials.
Karachi was made the temporary capital of Pakistan until Islamabad was
built later.
Jinnah’s ill health (tuberculosis) made the situation more difficult, as
Pakistan’s leadership depended heavily on him.
2. Economic Problems
Pakistan was economically weak and underdeveloped at independence.
Out of all British Indian industries, less than 10% were located in Pakistan.
The new country had only one modern port — Karachi, with poor
transport links to other regions. Agriculture was the main occupation, but
it lacked modern techniques and produced low yields. Pakistan’s main cash
crop was jute, but all jute mills were in India, meaning Pakistan had to
export raw jute without earning much profit.
Partition disrupted trade, supply chains, and transport networks.
India initially withheld Pakistan’s share of financial assets, worsening
the crisis.
3. Electricity and Infrastructure Problems
The partition of Punjab left the electric supply system broken.
Most power stations, like the one at Mundi, were located in India, even
though they served West Punjab.
This caused serious electricity shortages and disrupted irrigation and
industry.
4. Social Problems
Pakistan was a multi-ethnic and multilingual country made up of five
main groups:
1. Punjabis (North-East)
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