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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 161

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PDF 161

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Source A: I belong to the people and love them. You have created me. My bond with you must always remain. All the levers are so controlled by government that it can direct the flow of the wealth into the pockets of whomsoever it pleases. Now those who control the levers can also profit from the system to make themselves rich. “Power is money” means that in order to become rich one must enjoy authority or be favored by persons wielding authority. Bhutto writing in 1968 Ans: The government is the one who controls the wealth. So, it is the government who can get itself profited by the system. And the one who has authority or wields authority by someone else is rich in our country. living standards of the labor class, establishment of Labor unions, reduction in Ayūb Khān’s disparity among the provinces, accountability of Industrial revenues, and political popularity of PPP among masses. It resulted in demotivation and reluctance of investors to invest in Pakistan. Foreign reserves declined because confidence of private sector was shattered. The reasons of its failure were the lack of middle management staff to support the industrialists / investors and nationalized units were headed by civil servants who had no technical expertise in running the business. Inefficient people were running the nationalized cause. Lastly, worldwide economic recession took its toll and due to nationalization, Pakistan suffered a lot. The primary objectives to introduce educational reforms were to improve the literacy rate and grooming of individuals (Ethics, Social awareness, and Socio-economic skills). It assured uniform education, modern curriculum, and eradicate illiteracy. Objectives also include, nationalization of Private schools, introduction of uniform syllabus in all provinces, establishment of new schools, free and compulsory primary education. For all this Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto allocated 13% of the budget which was an extensive amount. Education reforms were a failure because firstly formal education was opposed by rural masses. Secondly there was a fear of loss of earning through child labor among the rural inhabitants by sending the children to schools. Thirdly standard of education declined by overcrowding and nationalization of the schools. Fourthly there was a lack of qualified and inefficient staff. And lastly there was slow improvement in literacy rate i.e., only 1% in 5 years. Zulfiqār ´Alī Bhutto dismissed more than 2000 civil servants on charge of corruption and appointed men of his choice. Civil services were categorized based on their salary and divided them into smaller levels. Direct recruitment method was introduced through which nepotism prevailed in the country. Likeable people were given the government jobs. Consequently, it can be argued that he was partially successful in his domestic policies,but his constitutional reforms were the most successful because the constitution of Pakistan was still enforced although with few amendments. Source B Questions Source A Questions Q: According to source A what is the criticism of Bhutto on the govt.? [3]