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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 164
181 pagesrevision 46928
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Before elections, many amendments in the constitution to legalize all his steps &
strengthen his authority.
Elections, March 1985 → 52% turnout →big landlords & tribal chiefs were elected
despite the boycott by the MRD.
A loyal & obedient assembly Muhammad Khan Junejo, new PM, to gradually form a
political party loyal to Zia Dec 1985 → martial law lifted, constitution restored, with
fundamental amendments.
Afghan refugees. Violence, drug addition smuggling, weapon smuggling, sectarian
violence, esp sunnishia in Punjab & linguistic violence in Sindh → rise of the MQM
(Muhajir Qaumi Movement ) Karachi → centre of violence Provincial differences →
Punjab, loyal to central govt with rise of Nawaz Sharif Sindh, NWFP & Balochistan
turning against Zia, esp over the issue of the Kalabagh dam. Change in the world
politics → Geneva Accord , 1988 → USA to stop supporting the Afghan Mujahideen
(Who would soon be called miscreants ) in return for the Soviet withdrawl form
Afghanistan → no need to continue aid to Pak Junejo & his ML (Muslim League)
decided to exploit this change in order to strengthen the civil political power. Apr
1988 → Ojhri Camp disaster → an ammunition dump in Rawalpindi was mysteriously
blown up → hundreds were killed Junejo’s decision to conduct open inquiry,
involving military officers 29 May, 1988 → Zia, using powers under the 8th
amendment, dismissed Junejo’s govt & assemblies Promised elections in 90 days
17 Aug 1988 → Zia, together with several senior officers & the US ambassador, was
killed in an air crash, Bahawalpur
Dec 1979 → Soviet attack on Afghanistan Pakistan, the only US ally in the region for
anti-Soviet activities of the USA Heavy economic and military aid to Pak by the west,
esp the USA. Heavy aid to accommodate Afghan refugees & to strengthen Pak army.
Huge defence budget → Pak became a major supplier of military force to the Muslim
world Western aid + remittances by over 2 million overseas Pakistanis→ many
economic reforms e.g. denationalization of the nationalized industries & ban on further
nationalization High annual GNP (Gross National Produce) growth rate of 6.23% With
such high growth rate, high inflation b/w 1977 & 1986 Improved standard of living but
start of electric power crisis-load shedding.
Problems for Zia
The Afghanistan miracle & economy of Pakistan