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Pak Studies History IGCSEPDF 73
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The movement collapsed completely by 1924.
The Sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and Mehmed VI
was exiled to Malta.
He died in Italy (1926) and was buried in Damascus.
Hindu-Muslim unity reached its peak temporarily but ended in mistrust.
Political awakening among Muslims — prepared the ground for the
Pakistan Movement later.
Muslims realized that their religious and political interests differed
from Hindus.
Failure of combined struggle convinced Muslims to seek a separate
political identity.
Marked the rise of new Muslim leadership and decline of
Congress–Muslim cooperation.
Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1918–1922) and son of Sultan
Abdulmecid I.
His reign followed World War I, during which the empire lost Baghdad,
Damascus, and Jerusalem.
On 10 August 1920, his representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres,
dividing Ottoman lands and recognizing Hejaz’s independence.
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) and Turkish nationalists rejected the treaty
and formed the Grand National Assembly in Ankara (1920).
1.Abolition of the Caliphate (1924) by Turks themselves – the main cause.
2.Withdrawal of Congress support (1922) after the Chauri Chaura
incident.
3.Failure of Hijrat Movement – huge loss and disillusionment.
4.Moplah Uprising – violence damaged Hindu-Muslim unity.
5.Arrest of leaders – loss of direction and leadership.
6.Lack of coordination – no clear long-term strategy.
7.Turkey’s disinterest in Indian politics – made Indian protests
meaningless.
8.Realization of futility – far-sighted leaders like Jinnah and Iqbal avoided
it.
Results / Impacts
Reasons for Failure
Mehmed VI (1861–1926)